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In 1904, NAD+ was first discovered

British biochemists Arthur Harden and William John Young discovered coenzyme 1 NAD(H). A few years before they discovered NAD(H), Louis Pasteur just proved that yeast cells are used in the production of bread, wine, beer and other foods. Responsible for the fermentation process. Arthur Harden tried to reproduce the fermentation process outside of yeast cells. In the laboratory, he divided the ingredients in yeast cells into two parts, one part is thermally unstable (that is, heating will destroy its ability to ferment reactions), and the other part is thermally stable. By separating and recombining, Harden and Young proved that the fermentation capacity of the thermally unstable part depends on the thermally stable part. They speculate that the thermally unstable part contains one or more proteins (enzymes) responsible for fermentation, and the thermally stable part contains cofactors (coenzymes) and other stable molecules that help proteins react.


In 1920, purified NAD+ and discovered its molecular structure


In 1930, German Ottoberg discovered the key role of NAD+ in human metabolism. NAD was identified for the first time that it might be applied to the field of life sciences.


In 1980, NAD+ was applied to the treatment of human diseases, and George Birkmayer, a professor in the Department of Medical Chemistry at the University of Graz, Austria, applied reduced NAD+ to the treatment of pellagra for the first time. Pellagra, also known as mangy, is a vitamin deficiency disease, the main cause is the lack of vitamin PP (NAD) and protein.


From 2000 to 2012, it was discovered that NAD+ can extend the lifespan of various animals

Leonard Guarente's research group, the world-renowned chemist Stephen L. Helfand's research group, and Haim Y. Cohen's research group respectively found that NAD+ can prolong the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans Nearly 50%, can extend the lifespan of fruit flies by about 10%-20, and can extend the lifespan of male mice by more than 10%



In 2013, Professor Imai of the University of Washington and Professor Sinclair of Harvard University successively found through experiments that the injection of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide synthetase increased the content of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide in the body. Not only did the mice appear younger in the old age Reversing (the hair is thicker and brighter), the average remaining life span has been extended from 2 months (equivalent to a human life of 6 years) to 4.6 months (human life of 14 years), a full increase of 2.3 times. The scientific community was shocked.


In 2016, scientists from the National Center for Anti-Aging Research found that supplementing the human body with NAD+ can ultimately prolong life and improve health through mitochondrial and DNA repair. The results were published in "Cell" in October 2016.


In 2016, scientists such as Johan Auwerx of the School of Life Sciences at the Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne, Switzerland, revealed the mechanism of action of NAD+ and the longevity protein Sirtuin in the human body to prolong human life. The results were published in July 2016 in "Cell".

Also in 2016, scientists at the University of Washington School of Medicine in the United States discovered that NAD+ can be supplemented by NMN. The demand for NMN is related to biological weight, which is ~8mg/kg/day for humans. The results of this research were published in December 2016. "Cell".


In 2017, American geneticists Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered that by supplementing NAD+, the precursor of NMN, the circadian clock of people with sleep disorders can be adjusted to restore normal circadian rhythms. They won the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine.

From 2013 to 2017, there was a series of studies that verified the protective effects of NAD+ and its related precursors on the heart, brain, and nerve endings, as well as the recovery effects on hearing damage. It is effective for patients with Alzheimer's disease and diabetes. Therapeutic effect.


From 2017 to 2018, scientists from Washington University School of Medicine and Harvard Medical School and Dr. Tucker successively discovered that NAD+precursor NMN can reduce brain damage after cerebral hemorrhage, improve blood flow of aging blood vessels and increase endurance. Obvious effect, and the results were published in "Nature" in April 2017 and "Cell" in March 2018.


In 2019, scientists and Dr. Tucker discovered that oral NMN enhances the transport/synthesis mechanism of NAD+ in humans.

Dr. Tucker from the University of Washington School of Medicine and scientists discovered that there is a transporter named Slc12a8 on the surface of the cell membrane. With the help of sodium ions, the Slc12a8 protein transports NMN directly into the cell and takes effect quickly. Used in the production of NAD+.

Dr. Tucker’s latest research once again proves the benefits of NMN for the brain

A recent study by the University of Oklahoma in the United States shows that supplementing nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) to restore mitochondrial function can ultimately promote neurovascular regeneration in aging mice and achieve the effect of inhibiting aging. Dr. Tucker reproduced and verified this result.


Dr. Tucker was the first to discover that long-term oral supplementation of NMN would form accumulation in the body. Dr. Tucker discovered that supplementation of protein kinase (AMPK) plays an important role in regulating cell energy homeostasis. The enzyme is activated under low ATP conditions, which are usually caused by a variety of stresses, and regulate signaling pathways, thereby increasing the supply of available ATP. AMPK can also be directly phosphorylated by CAMKK2 at threonine 172, which is a response to changes in intracellular calcium ion levels stimulated by metabolic hormones (such as adiponectin and leptin).


As a cellular energy sensor, AMPK can respond to low levels of ATP. After its activation, it can positively regulate signal transduction pathways that supplement the cell's ATP supply. These pathways include fatty acid oxidation and autophagy. AMPK has a negative regulatory effect on ATP-consuming biosynthetic processes, including gluconeogenesis, lipid and protein synthesis. AMPK can directly phosphorylate a series of enzymes in these processes, or phosphorylate transcription factors, co-activators and co-inhibitors to transcriptionally regulate metabolism to achieve its negative regulatory effect.

AMPK is very beneficial to health from improving cardiovascular health to extending lifespan. More and more studies have shown that activating AMPK in animal models can significantly extend lifespan.

AMPK plays an important role in promoting proteolysis and maintaining blood sugar balance. AMPK deficiency will accelerate the occurrence of aging-induced diseases and mitochondrial dysfunction.


Dr. Tackeri’s verification study also found that increasing the activity of VRK-1 in Caenorhabditis elegans can stimulate AMPK activity to prolong the lifespan of the body, while inhibiting this enzyme will shorten its lifespan. Laboratory cell tests have further verified that this mechanism of VRK-1 and AMPK is also applicable to human cells, which means that activating the AMPK pathway may also greatly increase human lifespan.


Through this research, Dr. Takrei proposed that after oral administration of NMN, increase AMPK (betaine, coenzyme Q10, PQQ, lipoic acid), and the all-in-one AMPK comprehensive activator can well enhance the absorption effect of nad+ related products , And reduce its side effects from multiple angles. This result has also been recognized by many scientists and has been widely used by NMN brands in various countries.


From 1996 to 2020, after years of hard work and detailed experimental data, various medical teams have shown that oral supplementation of NMN is effective in stimulating human NAD+ metabolism, which opens up unlimited possibilities for exploring human health and reversing aging. .

At the same time, there are currently 7 surviving Nobel Prize winners in Physiology, Medicine, and Chemistry that can find public information. They all expressed strong support for the NAD+ anti-aging theory.


Dr. Takrei is dedicated to studying the mechanism of aging-related biological enzymes. Through the study of aging-related enzymes and metabolites in the body, through countless experimental verifications, we have selected human endogenous substances that help delay the aging process during the body's aging process, and developed them into physiologically active dietary supplement products. Let "enzymes in the body, made in vitro" to supplement the declining enzymes in the body, improve human health, and enhance the quality of life.